玛丽二世 (英格兰)：修订间差异

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* '''1662年4月30日 – 1689年2月13日'''：玛丽公主''殿下'' <ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=1249|startpage=1|date=5 November 1677}}</ref>
* '''1662年4月30日 – 1689年2月13日'''：玛丽公主''殿下'' <ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=1249|startpage=1|date=5 November 1677}}</ref>
* '''1677年11月4日 – 1689年2月13日'''：奥兰治王妃''殿下''
* '''1677年11月4日 – 1689年2月13日'''：奥兰治王妃''殿下''
* '''1689年2月13日 – 1694年12月18日'''：女王''殿下''
* '''1689年2月13日 – 1694年12月18日'''：女王''陛下''


威廉三世和玛丽二世的共同称号为 "威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，[[英国君主列表|英格兰国王和女王]]，[[英格兰王室对法国王位的主张|法兰西国王和女王]]及[[爱尔兰君主列表|爱尔兰国王和女王]]，[[真诚原则后卫|信仰的捍卫者]]等。" 当她成为女王后，从1689年4月开始，她和丈夫的地位得到了苏格兰人民的承认。她和丈夫使用的称号为"威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，英格兰国王和女王，法兰西国王和女王及爱尔兰和女王，信仰的捍卫者等"。<ref name="brewers">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|first=E. Cobham|last=Brewer|publisher=[[Henry Altemus Company]]|location=Philadelphia|pages=891|year=1898}}</ref>
威廉三世和玛丽二世的共同称号为 "威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，[[英国君主列表|英格兰国王和女王]]，[[英格兰王室对法国王位的主张|法兰西国王和女王]]及[[爱尔兰君主列表|爱尔兰国王和女王]]，[[真诚原则后卫|信仰的捍卫者]]等。" 当她成为女王后，从1689年4月开始，她和丈夫的地位得到了苏格兰人民的承认。她和丈夫使用的称号为"威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，英格兰国王和女王，法兰西国王和女王及爱尔兰和女王，信仰的捍卫者等"。<ref name="brewers">{{cite book|title=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable|first=E. Cobham|last=Brewer|publisher=[[Henry Altemus Company]]|location=Philadelphia|pages=891|year=1898}}</ref>

2013年11月25日 (一) 15:27的版本

玛丽二世
英格兰女王、苏格兰女王及爱尔兰女王
統治1689年2月13日 –
1694年12月28日
加冕1689年4月11日
前任詹姆斯二世及七世
繼任威廉三世及二世
共治者威廉三世及二世
出生(1662-04-30)1662年4月30日
(新历: 1662年5月10日)
伦敦圣詹姆斯宫
逝世1694年12月28日(1694歲—12—28)（32歲）
(新历: 1695年1月7日)
伦敦肯辛顿宫
安葬1695年3月5日
伦敦西敏寺
配偶威廉三世及二世
王朝斯图亚特王朝
父親詹姆斯二世及七世
母親安妮·海德夫人

瑪麗二世（Mary II，1662年4月30日—1694年12月28日），以英格蘭、蘇格蘭與愛爾蘭女王的身分，自1689年統治直至逝世。瑪麗是新教徒，隨著光榮革命而登上王位，她信奉羅馬天主教的父親，詹姆斯二世及七世被廢位。瑪麗與其夫婿威廉三世及二世（亦瑪麗的大表兄、荷蘭執政）共治，在1694年瑪麗死後，威廉便成了二個國家的單一統治者。歷史普遍將共治稱做「威廉與瑪麗」。瑪麗雖然是英國皇室的正統繼承人，但所行使的權力小於威廉；瑪麗在威廉留在英格蘭時，割讓了她大部分的權威予她的夫婿；話雖如此，威廉仍十分依靠瑪麗。然而，瑪麗在威廉於海外忙於軍事戰役時，還是獨自統治國土的，證明了她仍是一位強大、果決、有力的統治者。身為英國國教會最高統治者，瑪麗十分積極、活躍於英國國教會。儘管她與夫婿共有王位，瑪麗主要仍是獨自行使其權力。

早年

玛丽于1662年4月30日出生在圣詹姆斯宫，她是约克公爵詹姆斯(后来的詹姆斯二世及七世)和第一任妻子安妮·海德夫人的长女。玛丽的伯父查理二世统治着英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰三国；她的外祖父克拉倫登伯爵长期担任查理的首席顾问（1660-1667年更出任英國首相）。她出生后不久在圣詹姆斯宫的皇家礼拜堂受到了英国国教的洗礼，她被以玛丽一世的名字命名。她的教父母包括她的表叔莱茵河的鲁伯特王子。[1] 虽然她的母亲生了八个孩子，但是只有她和二妹安妮活到成年。因为她的伯父没有合法子女，所以她在当时为英国王位第二顺序继承人在她父亲之后。[2]

1676年婚前一年的玛丽

她的父亲约克公爵在1668年或1669年改信罗马天主教，但是根据其伯父的命令，[3]玛丽和安妮被送到里士满宫殿接受英国国教的教育，她们的导师是弗朗西斯·维勒斯夫人，她们偶尔才能在圣詹姆斯宫见到父母或在特威克纳姆见到祖父克拉倫登伯爵。[4]玛丽受到的教育主要局限于音乐、舞蹈、绘画、法语和宗教。[5]她们的母亲死于1671年，他的父亲在1673年再婚，父亲的第二任妻子摩德纳的玛丽不仅只大玛丽四岁，还信奉天主教。[6]

大约从她9岁到结婚，玛丽给艾伦·阿斯普利爵士之女弗兰西丝·阿斯普利写了一连串情谊连绵的信，玛丽毫不掩饰的表达了她对弗兰西丝的爱情。随着时间的推移，玛丽和弗兰西丝的恋情由于后者的冷漠而告终。[7]在她15岁时，表哥荷兰执政奥兰治的威廉向她求婚。威廉是詹姆斯已故姐姐玛丽·斯图亚特的儿子，他是在詹姆斯、玛丽、安妮后的英国王位第四顺位继承人。[8] 起初， 查理二世反对与荷兰联盟，他想让玛丽嫁给法国王位继承人路易王太子，因而与法结盟来加强天主教的统治和后继者的地位；但后来，英国人對天主教的仇視和国会巨大的压力，与法联盟在政治上不利。[9]由于首席部长丹比伯爵和查理二世对约克公爵的压力，约克公爵詹姆斯答应了威廉的求婚。因为他们错误的认为威廉和玛丽的婚姻会改善詹姆斯與新教徒的关系，[10]当父亲詹姆斯告诉她，她将嫁给表哥时，「她整整痛苦了一夜」[11]

婚姻

1677年11月4日，在聖公會大主教亨利·康普顿（1688年聯署邀請威廉，來英國發動光榮革命）的主持下，含泪的玛丽和威廉於倫敦的圣詹姆士宫正式结婚。[12]在当月晚些时候，玛丽随同她的丈夫从波涛汹涌的大海驶向荷兰，由于天气的恶劣，延迟了两个星期。[13]鹿特丹由于被冰覆盖无法停驶，他们被迫停在名为泰尔·海德的小村庄。他们穿过寒冷的村庄，直到遇見迎接的使團，帶他們到荷兰众议院[14]12月14日他們在一場盛大的迎接典禮中，正式進入海牙，展開親王夫妻的統治生涯。[15]

玛丽是温柔忠贞的亲王妃，不但在荷兰广受人民爱戴，更得到英国人最大的擁護；瑪麗公主能夠嫁給新教王子兼護教英雄的威廉，讓英國人民感到非常開心。[16]婚後瑪麗把意志与爱情，毫无保留地献给表哥兼丈夫威廉，但威廉对她却稍嫌冷淡，经常忙于战事与狩猎中。[17]婚后几个月玛丽就怀孕了，当时她的丈夫正在访问布雷达，但此时她却流产了。[18] 但此时她似乎因病流产而健康受损，从此失去健全的生产能力，導致嬰兒多次在产后夭折；她在1678年中期、1679年早期和1680年早期，都遭受了流产。[19] 夫妻两人最终没有得到一个健康成长的子女，這是玛丽在婚姻中最不快乐的一件事。[20]

从1684年5月，英王查理二世的新教私生子詹姆斯·斯科特，第一代蒙默思公爵到达荷兰，在荷兰他受到了威廉和玛丽的盛情款待。蒙默思公爵被视为约克公爵詹姆斯潜在的王位竞争对手，因為信奉新教的继承人比天主教的詹姆斯更得人心。然而威廉不认为蒙默思公爵可以取代詹姆斯的王位，因为蒙默思公爵没有获得必要的兩股力量——英國國教會與主政托利黨的支持（私生子繼承王位，不但違反宗教原則，更會造成英國有產階級的產權危機）。[21]所以後來蒙默思公爵在1685年回到英國去爭奪王位時，威廉並不太支持。蒙默思公爵果然也很快在同年失敗，被叔父詹姆斯二世火速處死。

詹姆斯的统治

玛丽的父亲詹姆斯二世和七世是最后一位统治英伦三岛的天主教君主

Upon the death of Charles II without legitimate issue in February 1685, the Duke of York became king as James II in England and Ireland and James VII in Scotland. Mary was playing cards when her husband informed her of her father's accession, and that she was heir presumptive.[22] When Charles's illegitimate son Monmouth assembled an invasion force at Amsterdam, and sailed for Britain, William informed James of Monmouth's departure, and ordered English regiments in the Low Countries to return to Britain.[23] To William's relief, Monmouth was defeated, captured and executed, but both he and Mary were dismayed by James's subsequent actions.[24]

James had a controversial religious policy; his attempt to grant freedom of religion to non-Anglicans by suspending acts of Parliament by royal decree was not well received.[25] Mary considered such action illegal, and her chaplain expressed this view in a letter to the Archbishop of Canterbury, William Sancroft, on her behalf.[26] She was further dismayed when James refused to help when the Catholic King of France, Louis XIV, invaded Orange and persecuted Huguenot refugees there. In an attempt to damage William, James encouraged his daughter's staff to inform her that William was having an affair with Elizabeth Villiers. Acting on the information, Mary waited outside Villiers's room and caught her husband leaving it late at night. William denied adultery, and Mary apparently believed and forgave him.[27] Possibly, Villiers and William were not meeting as lovers but to exchange diplomatic intelligence.[28] Mary's staff was dismissed and sent back to Britain.[29]

光荣革命

主条目：光荣革命
1685年的玛丽

Disgruntled Protestant politicians and noblemen were in contact with Mary's husband as early as 1686.[30] After James took the step of forcing Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence—the proclamation granting religious liberty to Catholics and dissenters—from their churches in May 1688, his popularity plunged further.[25] Alarm amongst Protestants increased when his wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son—James Francis Edward—in June 1688, for the son would, unlike Mary and Anne, be raised a Roman Catholic. Some charged that the boy was "supposititious", having been secretly smuggled into the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan as a substitute for her stillborn baby.[31] Seeking information, Mary sent a pointed list of questions to her sister, Anne, regarding the circumstances of the birth. Anne's reply, and continued gossip, seemed to confirm Mary's suspicions that the child was not her natural brother, and that her father was conspiring to secure a Catholic succession.[32]

On 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly requested William—then in the Netherlands with Mary—to come to England with an army to depose James.[33] At first, William was reluctant; possibly he was jealous of his wife's position as the heiress to the English Crown and feared she would become more powerful than he was. According to Gilbert Burnet, however, Mary convinced her husband that she did not care for political power, and told him "she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life".[34] She would, she assured him, always obey her husband as she had promised to do in her marriage vows.[35]

William agreed to invade and issued a declaration which referred to James's newborn son as the "pretended Prince of Wales". He also gave a list of grievances of the English people and stated that his proposed expedition was for the sole purpose of having "a free and lawful Parliament assembled".[36] William and the Dutch army, without Mary who stayed behind in the Netherlands, finally landed on 5 November 1688, having been turned back by storms in October.[37] The disaffected English Army and Navy went over to William,[38] and on 11 December the defeated King James attempted to flee, but was intercepted. A second attempt at flight, on 23 December, was successful; William deliberately allowed James to escape to France where he lived in exile until his death.[39]

Mary was upset by the circumstances surrounding the deposition of her father, and was torn between concern for him and duty to her husband, but was convinced that her husband's actions, however unpleasant, were necessary to "save the Church and State".[40] When Mary travelled to England after the New Year, she wrote of her "secret joy" at returning to her homeland, "but that was soon checked with the consideration of my father's misfortunes".[41] William ordered her to appear cheerful on their triumphant arrival in London. As a result, she was criticised for appearing cold to her father's plight.[42] James, too, wrote a diatribe against her criticising her disloyalty, an action which deeply affected the pious Mary.[43]

玛丽的丈夫奥兰治的威廉

In January 1689, a Convention Parliament summoned by the Prince of Orange assembled, and much discussion relating to the appropriate course of action ensued.[44] A party led by Lord Danby held that Mary should be sole monarch, as the rightful hereditary heir, while William and his supporters were adamant that a husband could not be subject to his wife.[45] William wished to reign as a king, rather than function as a mere consort of a queen.[46] For her part, Mary did not wish to be queen regnant, believing that women should defer to their husbands, and "knowing my heart is not made for a kingdom and my inclination leads me to a retired quiet life".[47]

On 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, in which it deemed that James, by attempting to flee on 11 December 1688, had abdicated the government of the realm, and that the Throne had thereby become vacant.[48][49] Parliament offered the Crown not to James's eldest son, James Francis Edward (who would have been the heir-apparent under normal circumstances), but to William and Mary as joint sovereigns. The only precedent for a joint monarchy dated from the sixteenth century: when Queen Mary I married Philip of Spain, it was agreed that the latter would take the title of king, but only during his wife's lifetime, and restrictions were placed on his power. William, however, would be king even after his wife's death, and "the sole and full exercise of the regal power [would be] executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives."[48] The declaration was later extended to exclude not only James and his heirs (other than Anne) from the throne, but all Catholics, since "it hath been found by experience that it is inconsistent with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince".[49]

The Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned William and Mary together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury performs coronations, but the incumbent Archbishop, William Sancroft, although an Anglican, refused to recognise the validity of James II's removal.[50] Neither William nor Mary enjoyed the ceremony; she thought it "all vanity" and William called it "Popish".[51] On the same day, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland—which was much more divided than the English Parliament—finally declared that James was no longer King of Scotland, that "no Papist can be King or Queen of this Realm", that William and Mary would be joint sovereigns, and that William would exercise sole and full power. On 11 May, William and Mary formally accepted the Scottish crown.[48]

Even after the declaration, there was still substantial support for James in Scotland. Viscount Dundee raised an army in the Scottish Highlands that won a convincing victory at Killiecrankie on 27 July. The huge losses suffered by Dundee's troops, however, coupled with his fatal wounding at the start of the battle, served to remove the only effective resistance to William and the uprising was quickly crushed, suffering a resounding defeat the next month at the Battle of Dunkeld.[52][53]

统治

1691年一枚几内亚上的威廉和玛丽

In December 1689, Parliament passed one of the most important constitutional documents in English history, the Bill of Rights. This measure—which restated and confirmed many provisions of the earlier Declaration of Right—established restrictions on the royal prerogative; it declared, amongst other things, that the Sovereign could not suspend laws passed by Parliament, levy taxes without parliamentary consent, infringe the right to petition, raise a standing army during peacetime without parliamentary consent, deny the right to bear arms to Protestant subjects, unduly interfere with Parliamentary elections, punish members of either House of Parliament for anything said during debates, require excessive bail, or inflict cruel or unusual punishments. The Bill of Rights also confirmed the succession to the Throne. Following the death of either William III or Mary II, the other was to continue to reign. Next in the line of succession would be any children of the couple, to be followed by Mary's sister Anne and her children. Last in the line of succession stood any children William III might have had from any subsequent marriage.[54]

From 1690 onwards, William was often absent from England on campaign, each year generally from the spring until the autumn. In 1690, he fought Jacobites in Ireland, and whilst her husband was away, Mary administered the government of the realm with the advice of a nine-member Cabinet Council.[55][56] She was not keen to assume power and felt "deprived of all that was dear to me in the person of my husband, left among those that were perfect strangers to me: my sister of a humour so reserved that I could have little comfort from her."[57] Anne had quarrelled with William and Mary over money, and the relationship between the two sisters had soured.[58] William had crushed the Irish Jacobites by 1692, but he continued with campaigns abroad in order to wage war against France in the Netherlands. When her husband was away, Mary acted on her own if his advice was not available; whilst he was in England, Mary completely refrained from interfering in political matters, as had been agreed in the Declaration and Bill of Rights,[48][54] and as she preferred.[59] She proved a firm ruler, ordering the arrest of her own uncle, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, for plotting to restore James II to the throne.[60] In January 1692, the influential John Churchill, 1st Earl of Marlborough, was dismissed on similar charges; the dismissal somewhat diminished her popularity[34] and further harmed her relationship with her sister Anne (who was strongly influenced by Churchill's wife, Sarah).[61] Anne appeared at court with Sarah, obviously supporting the disgraced Churchill, which led to Mary angrily demanding that Anne dismiss Sarah and vacate her lodgings.[62] Mary fell ill with a fever in April, and missed Sunday church service for the first time in 12 years.[63] She also failed to visit Anne, who was suffering a difficult labour. After Mary's recovery and the death of Anne's baby soon after it was born, Mary did visit her sister, but chose the opportunity to berate Anne for her friendship with Sarah.[64] The sisters never saw each other again.[65] Marlborough was arrested and imprisoned, but then released after his accuser was revealed to be an impostor.[66] Mary recorded in her journal that the breach between the sisters was a punishment from God for the "irregularity" of the Revolution.[67] She was extremely devout, and attended prayers at least twice a day.[68] Many of her proclamations focus on combating licentiousness, insobriety and vice.[69] She often participated in the affairs of the Church—all matters of ecclesiastical patronage passed through her hands.[70] On the death of Archbishop of Canterbury John Tillotson in December 1694, Mary was keen to appoint Bishop of Worcester Edward Stillingfleet to the vacancy, but William overruled her and the post went to Bishop of Lincoln Thomas Tenison.[71]

Mary was tall (5 foot 11 inches; 180 cm) and apparently fit; she would regularly walk between her palaces at Whitehall and Kensington.[72] In late 1694, however, she contracted smallpox. She sent away anyone who had not previously had the disease, to prevent the spread of infection.[73] Anne, who was once again pregnant, sent Mary a letter saying she would run any risk to see her sister again, but the offer was declined by Mary's groom of the stole, the Countess of Derby.[74] Mary died at Kensington Palace shortly after midnight on the morning of 28 December.[75] William, who had grown increasingly to rely on Mary, was devastated by her death, and told Burnet that "from being the happiest" he was "now going to be the miserablest creature on earth".[73] While the Jacobites considered her death divine retribution for breaking the fifth commandment ("honour thy father"), she was widely mourned in Britain.[76] During a cold winter, in which the Thames froze, her embalmed body lay in state in Banqueting House, Whitehall. On 5 March, she was buried at Westminster Abbey. Her funeral service was the first of any royal attended by all the members of both Houses of Parliament.[77] For the ceremony, composer Henry Purcell wrote Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary.[78][79]

遗产

绘画大厅天花板上的威廉和玛丽肖像

Mary endowed the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693,[80] supported Thomas Bray, who founded the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and was instrumental in the foundation of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich, after the Anglo-Dutch victory at the Battle of La Hogue.[81] She is credited with influencing garden design at Het Loo and Hampton Court Palaces, and with popularising blue and white porcelain and the keeping of goldfish as pets.[82]

Mary was depicted by Jacobites as an unfaithful daughter who destroyed her father for her own and her husband's gain.[83] In the early years of their reign, she was often seen as completely under the spell of her husband, but after she had temporarily governed alone during his absences abroad, she was portrayed as capable and confident. Nahum Tate's A Present for the Ladies (1692) compared her to Queen Elizabeth I.[84] Her modesty and diffidence were praised in works such as A Dialogue Concerning Women (1691) by William Walsh, which compared her to Cincinnatus, the Roman general who took on a great task when called to do so, but then willingly abandoned power.[85]

A week before her death, Mary went through her papers, weeding out some which were burnt, but her journal survives, as do her letters to William and to Frances Apsley.[86] The Jacobites lambasted her, but the assessment of her character that came down to posterity was largely the vision of Mary as a dutiful, submissive wife, who assumed power reluctantly, exercised it with considerable ability when necessary, and willingly deferred it to her husband.[87]

头衔、称号、荣誉和纹章

头衔和称号

  • 1662年4月30日 – 1689年2月13日：玛丽公主殿下 [88]
  • 1677年11月4日 – 1689年2月13日：奥兰治王妃殿下
  • 1689年2月13日 – 1694年12月18日：女王陛下

威廉三世和玛丽二世的共同称号为 "威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，英格兰国王和女王，法兰西国王和女王及爱尔兰国王和女王，信仰的捍卫者等。" 当她成为女王后，从1689年4月开始，她和丈夫的地位得到了苏格兰人民的承认。她和丈夫使用的称号为"威廉和玛丽，托上帝的洪福，英格兰国王和女王，法兰西国王和女王及爱尔兰和女王，信仰的捍卫者等"。[89]

徽章

  • See adjacent text
    英格兰国王威廉三世和女王玛丽二世的徽章
  • See adjacent text
    苏格兰国王威廉二世和女王玛丽二世的徽章

祖先

先祖
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
高祖父：苏格兰王夫亨利·斯图亚特（英语：Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
曾祖父：英格兰及苏格兰国王詹姆斯一世及六世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
高祖母：苏格兰女王玛丽一世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
祖父：英格兰及苏格兰国王查理一世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：丹麦国王弗雷德里克二世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
曾祖母：英格兰及苏格兰王后安妮
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：丹麦王后索菲（英语：Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
父：英格兰及苏格兰国王詹姆斯二世及七世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：纳瓦拉王夫安托万
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖父：法国国王亨利四世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：纳瓦拉女王珍妮三世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
祖母：英格兰及苏格兰王后亨利埃塔·玛丽亚
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：托斯卡纳大公弗朗切斯科一世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖母：法国王后玛丽·德美第奇
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：大公夫人乔安娜公主（英语：Joanna of Austria, Grand Duchess of Tuscany）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
英格兰及苏格兰女王玛丽二世
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：劳伦斯·海德[90]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖父：亨利·海德（英语：Henry Hyde (died 1634)）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：安妮·西贝尔[90]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外祖父：第一代克拉伦登伯爵（英语：Earl of Clarendon）爱德华·海德
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：爱德华·兰福德[90]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖母：玛丽·兰福德
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：玛丽·圣·芭比[91]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
母：约克和阿尔巴尼公爵（英语：Duke of Albany）夫人安妮·海德
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：威廉·艾利斯伯里[90][92]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖父：第一代从男爵托马斯·艾尔斯伯里爵士（英语：Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：安妮·普尔[90][92]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外祖母：伯爵夫人弗朗西斯·海德（英语：Frances Hyde, Countess of Clarendon）
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖父：弗朗西斯·登曼[90][92]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外曾祖母：安妮·登曼
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
外高祖母：安·勃朗特[90]
 
 
 
 
 
 

世系图

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
詹姆斯一世和六世
1566–1625
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
爱德华·海德
1609–1674
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
查理一世
1600–1649
 
 
 
 
 
伊莉莎白·斯圖亞特
1596–1662
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
劳伦斯·海德
1641–1711
 
安妮·海德
1637–1671
 
詹姆斯二世及七世
1633–1701
 
摩德纳的玛丽
1658–1718
 
長公主玛丽·斯图亚特
1631–1660
 
查理二世
1630–1685
 
索菲亚
1630–1714
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
詹姆斯“三世及八世”
1688–1766
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
安妮
1665–1714
 
玛丽二世
1662–1694
 
 
 
 
 
威廉三世及二世
1650–1702
 
 
 
 
 
乔治一世
1660–1727
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

脚注

  1. ^ Waller, p. 249
  2. ^ Waller, p. 252
  3. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 32
  4. ^ Waller, p. 251
  5. ^ Waller, pp. 251–253
  6. ^ Waller, p. 255
  7. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 34
  8. ^ Waller, p. 256
  9. ^ John Pollock. The Policy of Charles II and James II. (1667–87.). 
  10. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 44–45
  11. ^ Mary's chaplain, Dr Edward Lake, quoted in Waller, p. 257
  12. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 47–48; Waller, p. 258
  13. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 50–51; Waller, p. 259
  14. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 51; Waller, pp. 258–259
  15. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 52
  16. ^ Waller, pp. 257–259
  17. ^ Waller, pp. 259–262
  18. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 55–58; Waller, p. 261
  19. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 57, 58, 62
  20. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 162; Waller, p. 262
  21. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 72–73
  22. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 76
  23. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 78
  24. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 79
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Van der Kiste, p. 91
  26. ^ Waller, p. 265
  27. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 81; Waller, p. 264
  28. ^ Van der Kiste p. 64; Waller, p. 264
  29. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 82; Waller, p. 264
  30. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 86
  31. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 92
  32. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 90, 94–95; Waller, pp. 268–269
  33. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 93–94
  34. ^ 34.0 34.1 Mary II. Encyclopædia Britannica XVII 11th Ed. New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc: 816. 1911. 
  35. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 85; Waller, p. 266
  36. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 98
  37. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 100–102
  38. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 104
  39. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 105–107
  40. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 95; Waller, pp. 269–271
  41. ^ Mary, quoted by Van der Kiste, p. 113 and Waller, p. 271
  42. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 113; Waller, pp. 272–273
  43. ^ The House Of Stuart: William III and Mary II. English Monarchs. 2004 [18 September 2006]. 
  44. ^ Waller, p. 274
  45. ^ Waller, pp. 274–275
  46. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 108; Waller, p. 273
  47. ^ Mary, quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 114 and Waller, p. 273
  48. ^ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 King James' Parliament: The succession of William and Mary. The History and Proceedings of the House of Commons: volume 2. British History Online. 1742: 255–77 [19 September 2006]. 
  49. ^ 49.0 49.1 William III and Mary II. The Royal Household. [18 September 2006]. 
  50. ^ William Sancroft. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2006 [21 September 2006]. 
  51. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 118
  52. ^ John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st viscount of Dundee. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2006 [21 September 2006]. 
  53. ^ The Contemplator's Short History of "Bonnie Dundee" John Graham, Earl of Claverhouse, Viscount of Dundee. [20 September 2006]. 
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Bill of Rights. 1689 [19 September 2006]. 
  55. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 138
  56. ^ See also the Absence of King William Act 1689.
  57. ^ Memoirs of Mary, Queen of England edited by R. Doebner (1886), quoted in Van der Kiste, p. 138
  58. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 130–131
  59. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 144; Waller, pp. 280, 284
  60. ^ Waller, p. 281
  61. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 159–160
  62. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 160
  63. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 155
  64. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 161
  65. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 162
  66. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 161–162
  67. ^ Quoted in Waller, p. 279
  68. ^ Waller, pp. 277, 282
  69. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 164; Waller, pp. 281, 286
  70. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 163–164
  71. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 176
  72. ^ Waller, p.285
  73. ^ 73.0 73.1 Van der Kiste, p. 177
  74. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 179
  75. ^ Van der Kiste, pp. 179–180
  76. ^ Waller, p. 288
  77. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 186; Waller, p. 289
  78. ^ Music for Queen Mary. The Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County. [18 September 2006]. 
  79. ^ Van der Kiste, p. 187
  80. ^ Historical Facts. William and Mary College. 2006 [18 September 2006]. 
  81. ^ Waller, p. 283
  82. ^ Waller, pp. 260, 285–286
  83. ^ Waller, pp. 277–279
  84. ^ Waller, pp. 283–284
  85. ^ Waller, p. 284
  86. ^ Waller, p. 287
  87. ^ Waller, p. 290
  88. ^ 第1249號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 5 November 1677: 1. 
  89. ^ Brewer, E. Cobham. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Philadelphia: Henry Altemus Company. 1898: 891. 
  90. ^ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 Jones, W. A. (1853). "Lord Clarendon and his Trowbridge Ancestry", The Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, vol. 9, pp. 282–290
  91. ^ Evans, C. F. H. (January 1975). "Clarendon's Grandparents", Notes and Queries, vol. 22, no. 1, p. 28
  92. ^ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Alsbury, Colin (2004). "Aylesbury, Sir Thomas, baronet (1579/80–1658)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 September 2011. 需要订阅或英国公共图书馆会员资格
References

外部链接

维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：玛丽二世
玛丽二世
出生于：1662年4月30日逝世於：1694年12月28日
統治者頭銜
空缺
上一位持有相同頭銜者：
詹姆斯二世和七世 		英格兰女王、苏格兰女王、爱尔兰女王
1689–1694
與威廉三世和二世同時在任 		繼任者：
威廉三世和二世
為唯一君主

Template:Link FA Template:Link GA

英格兰君主（1603年以前）苏格兰君主（1603年以前）

光榮者艾塞斯坦 → 雄者埃德蒙 → 埃德雷德 → 埃德威格 → 和平者埃德加 → 殉教者愛德華 → 决策无方者埃塞尔雷德 → 八字胡斯文 → 决策无方者埃塞尔雷德 → 刚勇者埃德蒙 → 克努特大帝 → 飞毛腿哈罗德 → 哈德克努特 → 懺悔者愛德華 → 哈罗德·戈德温森 → 显贵者埃德加 → 威廉一世 → 威廉二世 → 亨利一世 → 斯蒂芬 → 馬蒂爾達 → 斯蒂芬 → 亨利二世 → 亨利二世与幼王亨利 → 亨利二世 → 理查一世 → 約翰 → 亨利三世 → 爱德华一世 → 爱德华二世 → 爱德华三世 → 理查二世 → 亨利四世 → 亨利五世 → 亨利六世 → 爱德华四世 → 亨利六世 → 爱德华四世 → 爱德华五世 → 理查三世 → 亨利七世 → 亨利八世 → 爱德华六世 → 简·格雷 → 瑪麗一世 → 瑪麗一世與菲利普 → 伊丽莎白一世

肯尼思一世 → 多姆纳尔一世 → 康斯坦丁一世 → 艾德 → 吉里克一世与奥凯德 → 多姆纳尔二世 → 康斯坦丁二世 → 馬爾科姆一世 → 英多爾夫 → 杜夫 → 科林 → 肯尼思二世 → 安拿比 → 肯尼思二世 → 康斯坦丁三世 → 肯尼思三世与吉里克二世 → 馬爾科姆二世 → 鄧肯一世 → 麥克白 → 卢拉赫 → 马尔科姆三世 → 多姆纳尔三世 → 鄧肯二世 → 多姆纳尔三世 → 埃德加 → 亞歷山大一世 → 大衛一世 → 马尔科姆四世 → 威廉一世 → 亞歷山大二世 → 亞歷山大三世 → 挪威女孩玛格丽特 → （第一次空位期（英语：Guardian of Scotland）） → 约翰·巴里奥 → （第二次空位期（英语：Guardian of Scotland）） → 羅伯特一世 → 大衛二世 → 羅伯特二世 → 羅伯特三世 → 詹姆斯一世 → 詹姆斯二世 → 詹姆斯三世 → 詹姆斯四世 → 詹姆斯五世 → 瑪麗一世 → 詹姆斯六世

1603年英格蘭與蘇格蘭組成共主邦聯以來的君主
1: 兼任印度皇帝
取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=玛丽二世_(英格兰)&oldid=29321369”