耳膜穿孔：修订间差异

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2023年2月14日 (二) 04:19的版本

耳膜穿孔又称鼓膜穿孔，是指鼓膜不完整，上面有一个洞^[1]。耳膜穿孔后可能会引起听力丧失、耳痛、流出渗出液，或者耳鸣等相关症状^[1]。部分患者伴有暂时性眩晕，如同时存在内耳损伤则眩晕症状可能会持续存在^[2] ^[3]。耳膜穿孔还可能引起长期听力损失、胆脂瘤和乳突炎等并发症^[2]。

耳膜穿孔原因可能有中耳感染、外伤（打耳朵或挖耳取出耵聍和异物等耳朵清理行为）、强噪声或外界大气压力剧烈变化（例如水肺潜水）^[1] ^[3]。可以通过用耳镜观察来诊断耳膜穿孔^[1]。必要时进行听力测试^[3]。

穿孔通常会自愈；建议穿孔自愈前要保持耳朵干燥^[1] ^[3]。使用抗生素可以预防和治疗感染^[1]。如果穿孔较大或穿孔两个月后仍未愈合，可以选择鼓膜修补术^[1] ^[3]。

鼓膜穿孔比较常见^[2]。年轻人最容易出现鼓膜穿孔^[2]。男性也比女性容易发生鼓膜穿孔^[2]。鼓膜穿孔治疗历史长久，最早可以追溯到 17世纪40 年代，当时是在穿孔的耳朵中放入耳塞进行治疗^[4] ^[5]。

参考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Perforated eardrum. nhs.uk. 23 October 2017 [27 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于24 March 2022）（英语）.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Dolhi, N; Weimer, AD. Tympanic Membrane Perforations. January 2022. PMID 32491810.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [27 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于12 November 2021）（加拿大英语）.
^ Watkinson, John C.; Clarke, Ray W. Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Volume 2: Paediatrics, The Ear, and Skull Base Surgery. CRC Press. 12 June 2018: PT2310 [28 April 2022]. ISBN 978-1-351-39899-2. （原始内容存档于28 April 2022）（英语）.
^ Sarkar, Saurav. Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A New Horizon. JP Medical Ltd. 28 May 2016: PA53 [28 April 2022]. ISBN 978-93-85891-62-5. （原始内容存档于28 April 2022）（英语）.

[NHS2022Over-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 Perforated eardrum. nhs.uk. 23 October 2017 [27 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于24 March 2022）（英语）.

[Stat2022-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Dolhi, N; Weimer, AD. Tympanic Membrane Perforations. January 2022. PMID 32491810.

[Mer2022Pt-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders. Merck Manuals Consumer Version. [27 April 2022]. （原始内容存档于12 November 2021）（加拿大英语）.

[4] Watkinson, John C.; Clarke, Ray W. Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Volume 2: Paediatrics, The Ear, and Skull Base Surgery. CRC Press. 12 June 2018: PT2310 [28 April 2022]. ISBN 978-1-351-39899-2. （原始内容存档于28 April 2022）（英语）.

[5] Sarkar, Saurav. Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A New Horizon. JP Medical Ltd. 28 May 2016: PA53 [28 April 2022]. ISBN 978-93-85891-62-5. （原始内容存档于28 April 2022）（英语）.

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+'''耳膜穿孔'''又称'''鼓膜穿孔'''，是指[[鼓膜]]不完整，上面有一个洞<ref name="NHS2022Over">{{Cite web|title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>。耳膜穿孔后可能会引起听力丧失、耳痛、流出渗出液，或者[[耳鸣]] 等相关症状<ref name="NHS2022Over" />。部分患者伴有暂时性[[眩暈|眩晕]]，如同时存在[[內耳|内耳]]损伤则眩晕症状可能会持续存在<ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite journal|last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810|last=Dolhi|first=N}}</ref> <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{Cite web|title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>。耳膜穿孔还可能引起长期听力损失、[[胆脂瘤]]和乳突炎等并发症<ref name="Stat2022" />。
-{{Citation style|time=2023-02-13T17:41:23+00:00}}
-'''耳膜穿孔'''又称'''鼓膜穿孔'''，是指[[鼓膜]]不完整，上面有一个洞。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{Cite web|title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>耳膜穿孔后可能会引起听力丧失、耳痛、流出渗出液，或者[[耳鸣]] 等相关症状。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{cite web |title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref>部分患者伴有暂时性[[眩暈|眩晕]]，如同时存在[[內耳|内耳]]损伤则眩晕症状可能会持续存在。 <ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite journal|last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810|last=Dolhi|first=N}}</ref> <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{Cite web|title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}</ref>耳膜穿孔还可能引起长期听力损失、[[胆脂瘤]]和乳突炎等并发症。 <ref name="Stat2022">{{cite journal |last1=Dolhi |first1=N |last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810}}</ref>
+耳膜穿孔原因可能有[[中耳炎|中耳感染]]、[[創傷|外伤]]（打耳朵或挖耳取出耵聍和异物等耳朵清理行为）、强噪声或外界大气压力剧烈变化（例如[[水肺潛水|水肺潜水]]）<ref name="NHS2022Over" /> <ref name="Mer2022Pt" />。可以通过用耳镜观察来诊断耳膜穿孔<ref name="NHS2022Over" />。 必要时进行听力测试<ref name="Mer2022Pt" />。
-耳膜穿孔原因可能有[[中耳炎|中耳感染]]、[[創傷|外伤]]（打耳朵或挖耳取出耵聍和异物等耳朵清理行为）、强噪声或外界大气压力剧烈变化（例如[[水肺潛水|水肺潜水]]）。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{Cite web|title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ "Perforated eardrum"]. ''nhs.uk''. 23 October 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ Archived] from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{Cite web|title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation "Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders"]. ''Merck Manuals Consumer Version''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation Archived] from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>可以通过用耳镜观察来诊断耳膜穿孔。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{cite web |title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 必要时进行听力测试。 <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{cite web |title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live }}</ref>
+穿孔通常会自愈；建议穿孔自愈前要保持耳朵干燥<ref name="NHS2022Over" /> <ref name="Mer2022Pt" />。使用[[抗生素]]可以预防和治疗感染<ref name="NHS2022Over" />。如果穿孔较大或穿孔两个月后仍未愈合，可以选择鼓膜修补术<ref name="NHS2022Over" /> <ref name="Mer2022Pt" />。
-穿孔通常会自愈；建议穿孔自愈前要保持耳朵干燥。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{Cite web|title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ "Perforated eardrum"]. ''nhs.uk''. 23 October 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ Archived] from the original on 24 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{Cite web|title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live |access-date=27 April 2022}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation "Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders"]. ''Merck Manuals Consumer Version''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation Archived] from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>使用[[抗生素]]可以预防和治疗感染。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{cite web |title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref>如果穿孔较大或穿孔两个月后仍未愈合，可以选择鼓膜修补术。 <ref name="NHS2022Over">{{cite web |title=Perforated eardrum |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |website=nhs.uk |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en |date=23 October 2017 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324024711/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/perforated-eardrum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="Mer2022Pt">{{cite web |title=Eardrum Perforation - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders |url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |website=Merck Manuals Consumer Version |accessdate=27 April 2022 |language=en-CA |archive-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112003923/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/home/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/middle-ear-disorders/eardrum-perforation |url-status=live }}</ref>
-鼓膜穿孔比较常见。 <ref name="Stat2022">{{Cite journal|last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810|last=Dolhi|first=N}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDolhiWeimer2022">Dolhi, N; Weimer, AD (January 2022). "Tympanic Membrane Perforations". [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32491810 32491810].</cite><span data-ve-ignore="true"> </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Template:cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">&#124;journal=</code> ([[Help:CS1 errors#missing_periodical|help]])</span></ref>年轻人最容易出现鼓膜穿孔。 <ref name="Stat2022">{{cite journal |last1=Dolhi |first1=N |last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810}}</ref>男性也比女性容易发生鼓膜穿孔。 <ref name="Stat2022">{{cite journal |last1=Dolhi |first1=N |last2=Weimer |first2=AD |title=Tympanic Membrane Perforations |date=January 2022 |pmid=32491810}}</ref>鼓膜穿孔治疗历史长久，最早可以追溯到 17世纪40 年代，当时是在穿孔的耳朵中放入耳塞进行治疗。 <ref>{{Cite book|last=Watkinson|first=John C.|last2=Clarke|first2=Ray W.|title=Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Volume 2: Paediatrics, The Ear, and Skull Base Surgery|date=12 June 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-39899-2|page=PT2310|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Scott_Brown_s_Otorhinolaryngology_and_He/2tFfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT2310|language=en|accessdate=28 April 2022|archivedate=28 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111818/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Scott_Brown_s_Otorhinolaryngology_and_He/2tFfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT2310}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Saurav|title=Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A New Horizon|date=28 May 2016|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-85891-62-5|page=PA53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Endoscopic_Ear_Surgery/CsSfCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA53|language=en|accessdate=28 April 2022|archivedate=28 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111818/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Endoscopic_Ear_Surgery/CsSfCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA53}}</ref>
+鼓膜穿孔比较常见<ref name="Stat2022" />。年轻人最容易出现鼓膜穿孔<ref name="Stat2022" />。男性也比女性容易发生鼓膜穿孔<ref name="Stat2022" />。鼓膜穿孔治疗历史长久，最早可以追溯到 17世纪40 年代，当时是在穿孔的耳朵中放入耳塞进行治疗<ref>{{Cite book|last=Watkinson|first=John C.|last2=Clarke|first2=Ray W.|title=Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery: Volume 2: Paediatrics, The Ear, and Skull Base Surgery|date=12 June 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-39899-2|page=PT2310|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Scott_Brown_s_Otorhinolaryngology_and_He/2tFfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT2310|language=en|accessdate=28 April 2022|archivedate=28 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111818/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Scott_Brown_s_Otorhinolaryngology_and_He/2tFfDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PT2310}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Saurav|title=Endoscopic Ear Surgery: A New Horizon|date=28 May 2016|publisher=JP Medical Ltd|isbn=978-93-85891-62-5|page=PA53|url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Endoscopic_Ear_Surgery/CsSfCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA53|language=en|accessdate=28 April 2022|archivedate=28 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428111818/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Endoscopic_Ear_Surgery/CsSfCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22&pg=PA53}}</ref>。
 == 参考 ==