西班牙征服尤卡坦：修订间差异

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西班牙征服尤卡坦指西班牙帝国于尤卡坦半岛进行的一系列殖民战争，其中最主要的敌人是玛雅文明。西班牙对玛雅地区的征服持续了较长的时间。

征服之前的早期接触[编辑]

玛雅人最早直接接触到西班牙人是在1511年，一艘西班牙船只遇海难，十来个西班牙人漂流到了尤卡坦半岛东部，被当地玛雅王国发现。其中一些人被当场抓去献祭了。最后剩下两个人活下来，一个是格罗尼莫·德阿奎拉，一个是冈萨罗·格雷罗。前者在1519年科特斯进入尤卡坦时当了西班牙人翻译，后者则有幸成为尤卡坦东部切图马尔王国的将军，并娶了玛雅人为妻，生下了墨西哥史上最早的印欧混血人（所以他现在还被纪念着）。

1517年的时候弗朗西斯科·埃尔南德斯·德·科尔多瓦从古巴出发航行到尤卡坦，发现海岸上有一些石头垒砌的城堡。他们一开始跟这些玛雅城邦进行了交易，后来还是发生了冲突，他们被赶走了。不过他们向外面的西班牙人报道了尤卡坦的情况，这也引起了后来的科特斯远征。

伴随西班牙人而来的，还有旧大陆的一系列烈性传染疾病，例如天花、黄热病等等。根据现代的估测，在16世纪20至30年代，整个玛雅地区由于传染病造成的的人口损失高达75%至90%。这在相当大的程度上削弱了玛雅文明的经济以及战斗力。

征服过程[编辑]

1519年科特斯在尤卡坦登陆，不过没有什么大动作，而是径直去了阿兹特克并在两年后彻底击败阿兹特克帝国。直到1527年科特斯才把注意力转移到尤卡坦，派手下弗朗西斯科·蒙特霍（英语：Francisco de Montejo）去征服那里。这一次玛雅人表面上同意臣服，不过用计打败了西班牙军队。

1531年蒙特霍又去了，这一回采用分化瓦解的方式，先设法跟玛雅海岸城市坎佩切结盟，然后派出军队深入腹地。玛雅人再施旧计，首先表示臣服，然后各地都进行大规模反抗，于1535年成功将西班牙势力逐出尤卡坦。这一次反抗中玛雅切图马尔王国的西班牙人将军格雷罗很有可能参与了战斗并牺牲，因为有记载说西班牙人发现守城的死者中有一个白人。

1540年，老蒙特霍把军权交给自己的儿子。这年小蒙特霍带了大军进入尤卡坦，征服了西尤卡坦的盟主休玛雅，并在1542年在现在的梅里达市设置了首府。休玛雅的国王皈依了天主教，成为了西班牙的傀儡。小蒙特霍利用强大的休玛雅军队向尤卡坦东部推进，用了4年时间基本上占领了整个玛雅地区，在1546年除了现危地马拉北部的密林地区外，整个尤卡坦均掌握在了西班牙人手中。

占领佩腾湖[编辑]

危地马拉北部的热带丛林中有一个佩腾湖，湖中有一个岛，岛上的城市塔亚萨尔是当时伊察玛雅的首都。西班牙人其实一直知道这个国家的存在（科特斯在1525年去洪都拉斯的途中经过这里，当时伊察国王表示了臣服），但是由于地理及气候等等因素一直没有去征服她，只是偶尔派一些传教士去试图传教，虽然都没有成功，不过也留下了一些记载，让我们了解了这个国家的情况。它保留着古老的信仰（不过加入了少许新的元素，比如科特斯骑的白马也成了一个神灵），有大量抄本流传，传统的玛雅文化在这里得到了旺盛的生命力。

1622年，尤卡坦总督派出一小支部队去骚扰伊察王国，不幸全军覆没。1624年总督又派了一支军队，不过仍然惨败。于是总督觉得还是用兵去镇守已经控制的地区更划算，因为这些地区的玛雅人一直未停止过反抗。

1695年，西班牙方济各会派了三名传教士和四个皈依天主教的玛雅歌手前往伊察王国。他们得到了款待，也收获了一些信徒。不过伊察国王本人拒绝加入天主教；他说等时机成熟的时候自己会考虑的，不过现在不是时间。于是第二年伊察王国就遭到了西班牙人和他们的玛雅同盟的进攻。这一次伊察王国仍旧成功地进行了抵抗。

梅里达的西班牙指挥官这才意识到伊察王国不是个轻易就能打败的对手，于是在1697年决定派出由235名西班牙士兵加上数万名玛雅军队组成的大军，浩浩荡荡进入雨林。他们拥有一个长距离的补给线，并在佩腾湖畔建立了一个要塞。最终在同年3月13日，西班牙人攻陷伊察玛雅首都塔亚萨尔。

西班牙人在塔亚萨尔焚烧了玛雅图书馆，花了整整一天时间砸毁了玛雅人神庙中的所有偶像。这样古玛雅文明的最后一个据点被毁灭，西班牙势力成功占领整个尤卡坦。

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 {{NoteTA
+|T= zh-cn:西班牙征服尤卡坦; zh-tw:西班牙征服猶加敦; zh-hk:西班牙征服尤卡坦
 |1= zh-hans:玛雅;zh-sg:马雅;zh-hk:瑪雅;zh-tw:馬雅;
-|2= zh-cn:尤卡坦; zh-tw:猶加敦
+|2= zh-cn:尤卡坦; zh-tw:猶加敦; zh-hk:尤卡坦;
+|3=zh-hans:弗朗西斯科; zh-hk:法蘭西斯克; zh-tw:法蘭西斯科;
+|4=zh-hans:佩滕; zh-hant:貝登; zh:佩腾;
+|5=zh-hans:科尔多瓦; zh-tw:哥多華; zh-hk:哥多華; zh-hant:科爾多瓦;
+|6=zh-cn:埃尔南德斯; zh-tw:赫南德茲; zh-hant:埃爾南德斯;
 }}
+{{Campaignbox 西班牙殖民軍事活動}}
-[[西班牙]]对[[玛雅]]地区的征服持续了较长的时间。
+'''西班牙征服尤卡坦'''指[[西班牙帝国]]于[[尤卡坦半岛]]进行的一系列殖民战争，其中最主要的敌人是[[玛雅文明]]。[[西班牙]]对[[玛雅]]地区的征服持续了较长的时间。
 == 征服之前的早期接触 ==
 玛雅人最早直接接触到西班牙人是在1511年，一艘西班牙船只遇海难，十来个西班牙人漂流到了[[尤卡坦半岛]]东部，被当地玛雅王国发现。其中一些人被当场抓去献祭了。最后剩下两个人活下来，一个是格罗尼莫·德阿奎拉，一个是冈萨罗·格雷罗。前者在1519年[[荷南·科爾蒂斯|科特斯]]进入尤卡坦时当了西班牙人翻译，后者则有幸成为尤卡坦东部切图马尔王国的将军，并娶了玛雅人为妻，生下了[[墨西哥]]史上最早的印欧混血人（所以他现在还被纪念着）。
-年的时候弗朗西斯科·赫尔南德斯·德科尔多巴从[[古巴]]出发航行到尤卡坦，发现海岸上有一些石头垒砌的城堡。他们一开始跟这些玛雅城邦进行了交易，后来还是发生了冲突，他们被赶走了。不过他们向外面的西班牙人报道了尤卡坦的情况，这也引起了后来的科特斯远征。
+年的时候弗朗西斯科·埃尔南德斯·德·科尔多瓦从[[古巴]]出发航行到尤卡坦，发现海岸上有一些石头垒砌的城堡。他们一开始跟这些玛雅城邦进行了交易，后来还是发生了冲突，他们被赶走了。不过他们向外面的西班牙人报道了尤卡坦的情况，这也引起了后来的科特斯远征。
+伴随西班牙人而来的，还有旧大陆的一系列烈性传染疾病，例如[[天花]]、[[黄热病]]等等。根据现代的估测，在16世纪20至30年代，整个玛雅地区由于[[传染病]]造成的的人口损失高达75%至90%。这在相当大的程度上削弱了玛雅文明的经济以及战斗力。
 == 征服过程 ==
-年科特斯在尤卡坦登陆，不过没有什么大动作，而是径直去了[[阿兹特克]]并在两年后彻底击败阿兹特克帝国。直到1527年科特斯才把注意力转移到尤卡坦，派手下弗朗西斯科·蒙特霍去征服那里。这一次玛雅人表面上同意臣服，不过用计打败了西班牙军队。
+年科特斯在尤卡坦登陆，不过没有什么大动作，而是径直去了[[阿兹特克]]并在两年后彻底击败阿兹特克帝国。直到1527年科特斯才把注意力转移到尤卡坦，派手下{{le|弗朗西斯科·蒙特霍|Francisco de Montejo}}去征服那里。这一次玛雅人表面上同意臣服，不过用计打败了西班牙军队。
 年蒙特霍又去了，这一回采用分化瓦解的方式，先设法跟玛雅海岸城市[[坎佩切]]结盟，然后派出军队深入腹地。玛雅人再施旧计，首先表示臣服，然后各地都进行大规模反抗，于1535年成功将西班牙势力逐出尤卡坦。这一次反抗中玛雅切图马尔王国的西班牙人将军格雷罗很有可能参与了战斗并牺牲，因为有记载说西班牙人发现守城的死者中有一个白人。
-年，老蒙特霍把军权交给自己的儿子。这年小蒙特霍带了大军进入尤卡坦，征服了西尤卡坦的盟主休玛雅，并在1542年在现在的[[梅里达]]市设置了首府。休玛雅的国王皈依了[[天主教]]，成为了西班牙的傀儡。小蒙特霍利用强大的休玛雅军队向尤卡坦东部推进，用了4年时间基本上占领了整个玛雅地区，在1546年除了现[[危地马拉]]北部的密林地区外，整个尤卡坦均掌握在了西班牙人手中。
+年，老蒙特霍把军权交给自己的儿子。这年小蒙特霍带了大军进入尤卡坦，征服了西尤卡坦的盟主休玛雅，并在1542年在现在的[[梅里達 (墨西哥)|梅里达]]市设置了首府。休玛雅的国王皈依了[[天主教]]，成为了西班牙的傀儡。小蒙特霍利用强大的休玛雅军队向尤卡坦东部推进，用了4年时间基本上占领了整个玛雅地区，在1546年除了现[[危地马拉]]北部的密林地区外，整个尤卡坦均掌握在了西班牙人手中。
 == 占领佩腾湖 ==
@@ 第24行： / 第33行： @@
 年，西班牙[[方济各会]]派了三名传教士和四个皈依天主教的玛雅歌手前往伊察王国。他们得到了款待，也收获了一些信徒。不过伊察国王本人拒绝加入天主教；他说等时机成熟的时候自己会考虑的，不过现在不是时间。于是第二年伊察王国就遭到了西班牙人和他们的玛雅同盟的进攻。这一次伊察王国仍旧成功地进行了抵抗。
-梅里达的西班牙指挥官这才意识到伊察王国不是个轻易就能打败的对手，于是在1697年决定派出由235名西班牙士兵加上数万休玛雅军队组成的大军，浩浩荡荡进入雨林。他们拥有一个长距离的补给线，并在佩腾湖畔建立了一个要塞。最终在同年3月13日，西班牙人攻陷伊察玛雅首都塔亚萨尔。
+梅里达的西班牙指挥官这才意识到伊察王国不是个轻易就能打败的对手，于是在1697年决定派出由235名西班牙士兵加上数万名玛雅军队组成的大军，浩浩荡荡进入雨林。他们拥有一个长距离的补给线，并在佩腾湖畔建立了一个要塞。最终在同年3月13日，西班牙人攻陷伊察玛雅首都塔亚萨尔。
 西班牙人在塔亚萨尔焚烧了玛雅图书馆，花了整整一天时间砸毁了玛雅人神庙中的所有偶像。这样古玛雅文明的最后一个据点被毁灭，西班牙势力成功占领整个尤卡坦。
-== 参考 ==
+==相关条目==
+*{{le|墨西哥相关条目目录|Index of Mexico-related articles}}
-#Cervantes de Salazar, Francisco (n.d.) [ca. 1560]. Crónica de la Nueva España. readme.it. Retrieved 2006-07-26. 西班牙文
+*[[尤卡坦州|尤卡坦]]
-#Díaz del Castillo, Bernal (1963) [1632]. The Conquest of New Spain. Penguin Classics. J. M. Cohen (trans.) (6th printing (1973) ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-044123-9. OCLC 162351797.
+== 参考文献 ==
+{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
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+:{{cite book |author=Jones, Grant D. |year=1998 |title=The Conquest of the Last Maya Kingdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=RA2-PT82#v=onepage&q&f=false |publisher=[[史丹福大學出版社|Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California, US |isbn=978-0-8047-3522-3 |access-date=2019-01-27 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627181953/https://books.google.com/books?id=PeOWl54Mt7UC&pg=RA2-PT82#v=onepage&q&f=false |dead-url=no }}
+:{{cite book |author=Jones, Grant D.   |year=2000 |chapter=The Lowland Maya, from the Conquest to the Present |editor=Richard E.W. Adams |editor2=Murdo J. Macleod |title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas, Vol. II: Mesoamerica, part 2 |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=346–391|isbn=0-521-65204-9 |oclc=33359444}}
+:{{cite book |author=Jones, Grant D.   |year=2009 |chapter=The Kowoj in Ethnohistorical Perspective |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n77 55]–69|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
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+:{{cite book |author=Pohl, John   |author2=Hook, Adam |title=The Conquistador 1492–1550 |series=Warrior |volume=40 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-175-6 |oclc=47726663 |location=Oxford, UK and New York, US |origyear=2001 |year=2008}}
+:{{cite book |author=Pugh, Timothy W.   |year=2009 |chapter=Residential and Domestic Contexts at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n163 141]–191 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
+:{{cite book |author=Quezada, Sergio |year=2011 |title=La colonización de los mayas peninsulares |trans-title=The Colonisation of the Peninsula Maya |format=PDF |url=http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |isbn=978-607-7824-27-5 |oclc=796677890 |accessdate=2013-01-20 |series=Biblioteca Básica de Yucatán |location=Merida, Yucatan, Mexico |publisher=Secretaría de Educación del Gobierno del Estado de Yucatán |volume=18 |language=es |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104200933/http://www.bibliotecabasica.yucatan.gob.mx/archivos_modulos/biblioteca/pdf_201106170236.pdf |archivedate=2013-11-04 |df= }}
+:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M.   |author2=Don S. Rice |title=The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives |chapter=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc8wQYn4LrAC&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Maya Political Geography] |year=2005 |editor=Susan Kepecs |editor2=Rani T. Alexander |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico, US |oclc=60550555 |isbn=9780826337399}}
+:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M.   |year=2009 |chapter=The Archaeology of the Kowoj: Settlement and Architecture at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n103 81]–83 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
+:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M.   |author2=Don S. Rice |year=2009 |chapter=Introduction to the Kowoj and their Petén Neighbors |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n25 3]–15|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
+:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M.   |year=2009 |chapter=Who were the Kowoj? |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: Identity, Migration, and Geopolitics in Late Postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher=University Press of Colorado |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n39 17]–19|isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
+:{{cite book |author=Rice, Prudence M.   |author2= Don S. Rice   |author3= Timothy W. Pugh   |author4= Rómulo Sánchez Polo |year=2009 |chapter=Defensive architecture and the context of warfare at Zacpetén |editor=Prudence M. Rice |editor2=Don S. Rice |title=The Kowoj: identity, migration, and geopolitics in late postclassic Petén, Guatemala |url=https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice   |location=Boulder, Colorado, US |publisher={{tsl|en|University Press of Colorado||University Press of Colorado}} |pages=[https://archive.org/details/kowojidentitymig00rice/page/n145 123]–140 |isbn=978-0-87081-930-8 |oclc=225875268}}
+:{{cite journal |author=Romero, Rolando J. |year=1992 |title=Texts, Pre-Texts, Con-Texts: Gonzalo Guerrero in the Chronicles of Indies |url=http://www4.uwm.edu/clacs/resources/pubs/pdf/romero87.pdf |format=pdf |accessdate=2006-07-26 |archive-date=2009-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306000114/http://www4.uwm.edu/clacs/resources/pubs/pdf/romero87.pdf |dead-url=yes }}
+:{{cite book|author=Rugeley, Terry L.   |year=1996 |title=Yucatan's Maya Peasantry and the Origins of the Caste War |publisher={{tsl|en|University of Texas Press||University of Texas Press}} |location=Austin|isbn=0-292-77078-2}}
+:{{Cite book |author=Sharer, Robert J.   |authorlink=Robert Sharer|author2=Loa P. Traxler |year=2006 |title=The Ancient Maya |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar   |edition=6th (fully revised) |location=Stanford, California, US |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-8047-4817-9 |oclc=57577446}}
+:{{cite book |author=Smith, Michael E.   |title=The Aztecs |url=https://archive.org/details/aztecs0002smit   |edition=2nd |origyear=1996 |year=2003 |publisher={{tsl|en|Blackwell Publishing||Blackwell Publishing}} |location=Malden, Massachusetts, US and Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-631-23016-8 |oclc=59452395}}
+:{{cite journal |author=Thompson, J. Eric S.   |authorlink=J. Eric S. Thompson |year=1966 |title=The Maya Central Area at the Spanish Conquest and Later: A Problem in Demography |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |issue=1966 |pages=23–37 |publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |jstor=3031712 }} {{subscription only}}
+:{{cite book |author=Townsend, Richard F.   |origyear=1992 |year=1995 |title=The Aztecs |publisher=Thames and Hudson |isbn=0-500-27720-6 |oclc= 27825022| location=London, UK}}
+:{{cite book |author=Vayhinger-Scheer, Temis   |origyear=2006 |year=2011 |chapter=Kanek': El Último Rey Maya Itzaj |trans-chapter= Kanek': The Last Itza Maya King |pages=382–383 |publisher={{tsl|en|Tandem Verlag||Tandem Verlag}} |location=Potsdam, Germany |isbn=978-3-8331-6293-0 |oclc=828120761 |title=Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria |trans-title=The Maya: An Ancient Civilization  |editor=Nikolai Grube  |editor-link=Nikolai Grube  |language=es}}
+:{{cite book |author=Webster, David L.   |year=2002 |title=The Fall of the Ancient Maya: Solving the Mystery of the Maya Collapse |url=https://archive.org/details/fallofancientmay0000webs   |location=London, UK |publisher=Thames & Hudson |isbn=0-500-05113-5 |oclc=48753878}}
+:{{cite journal |author=White, D. A.   |author2=C. S. Hood |title=Vegetation Patterns and Environmental Gradients in Tropical Dry Forests of the Northern Yucatan Peninsula |journal=Journal of Vegetation Science |volume=15 |issue=2 |date=April 2004 |pages=151–160 |publisher=Opulus Press |location=Uppsala, Sweden |jstor=3236749 |issn=1654-1103 |oclc=50781866 |doi=10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02250.x}} {{subscription only}}
+:{{cite book |author=Wise, Terence   |author2=McBride, Angus |title=The Conquistadores |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=101 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-0-85045-357-7 |oclc=12782941 |location=Oxford, UK and New York, US |origyear=1980 |year=2008}}
+{{refend}}
 [[Category:墨西哥歷史]]
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+[[Category:西班牙在美洲的征服]]
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+[[Category:1540年代墨西哥]]
+[[Category:1510年代衝突]]
+[[Category:1520年代衝突]]
+[[Category:1530年代衝突]]
+[[Category:1540年代衝突]]

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